In this tutorial, we will learn how to install ESP32 Board in Arduino IDE and also how to program ESP32 with Arduino IDE. This tutorial is applicable for all the major Operating Systems like Windows, macOS and Linux as long as you have Arduino IDE installed. So, let’s get started….
In this tutorial, we will learn about the pinout information of ESP32. The 30-pin ESP32 Development Board will be used to demonstrate the ESP32 Pinout. We will also learn about some important peripherals of ESP32 Microcontroller and their associated pins, what GPIO pins can be used in your project. Why…
Twin-T Oscillators are another type of RC oscillator which produces a sinewave output for use in fixed-frequency applications similar to the Wein-bridge oscillator. The twin-T oscillator uses two “Tee” shaped RC networks in its feedback loop (hence the name) between the output and input of an inverting amplifier. As we have seen, an…
In the amplifier tutorials we saw that a single stage transistor amplifier can produce 180o of phase shift between its output and input signals when connected as a common-emitter type amplifier and that its output signal across the collector load depends entirely on the input signal injected into the transistors base…
Some of the factors that affect the frequency stability of an oscillator generally include: variations in temperature, variations in the load, as well as changes to its DC power supply voltage to name a few. Frequency stability of the output signal can be greatly improved by the proper selection of…
In this blog post , we will explore the Colpitts oscillator and its working mechanism. We will learn the circuit diagram and try to understand the working mechanism of it. Introduction In many ways, the Colpitts oscillator is the exact opposite of the Hartley Oscillator we looked at in the previous tutorial….
Oscillators convert a DC input (the supply voltage) into an AC output (the waveform). This output waveform can have a wide range of different shapes and frequencies, and can be either complex in shape, or be a simple pure sine wave depending upon the application. Oscillators are used in many pieces…
In the RC Oscillator tutorial we saw that a number of resistors and capacitors can be connected together with an inverting amplifier to produce an oscillating circuit. One of the simplest sine wave oscillators which uses a RC network in place of the conventional LC tuned tank circuit to produce a sinusoidal…
One of the main disadvantages of the basic LC Oscillator circuit we looked at in the previous tutorial is that they have no means of controlling the amplitude of the oscillations and also, it is difficult to tune the oscillator to the required frequency. If the cumulative electromagnetic coupling between…
We saw in the tutorial about Summing Amplifiers that the voltages or signals applied to the multiple inputs of an inverting operational amplifier circuit can be “summed” together to produce a single output, and depending on the amplifiers configuration, inverting or non-inverting, the output signal will be a positive or…
Monostable circuits can easily be made using discrete components or digital logic gates but monostable circuits can also be constructed using operational amplifiers. Op-amp Monostable Multivibrator (one-shot multivibrator) circuits are positive-feedback (or regenerative) switching circuits that have only one stable state, producing an output pulse of a specified duration T. An external…
The Operational Amplifier or Op-amp for short, is a very versatile device that can be used in a variety of different electronic circuits and applications, from voltage amplifiers, to filters, to signal conditioners. But one very simple and extremely useful op-amp circuit based around any general purpose operational amplifier is the Astable Op-amp Multivibrator….