Sallen and Key Filter
|

Sallen and Key Filter

The Sallen and Key Filter design is a second-order active filter topology which we can use as the basic building blocks for implementing higher order filter circuits, such as low-pass (LPF), high-pass (HPF) and band-pass (BPF) filter circuits. As we have seen in this filters section, electronic filters, either passive or active,…

Second Order Filters
|

Second Order Filters

Second Order Filters which are also referred to as VCVS filters, because the op-amp is used as a Voltage Controlled Voltage Source amplifier, are another important type of active filter design because along with the active first order RC filters we looked at previously, higher order filter circuits can be designed…

State Variable Filter
|

State Variable Filter

State variable filters use three (or more) operational amplifier circuits (the active element) cascaded together to produce the individual filter outputs but if required an additional summing amplifier can also be added to produce a fourth Notch filter output response as well. State variable filters are second-order RC active filters consisting of two…

Hall Effect Sensor
|

Hall Effect Sensor

Magnetic sensors convert magnetic or magnetically encoded information into electrical signals for processing by electronic circuits, and in the Sensors and Transducers tutorials we looked at inductive proximity sensors and the LDVT as well as solenoid and relay output actuators. Magnetic sensors are solid state devices that are becoming more and more…